Ethics, stories, and curiosity

# Ethics, stories,<br>and curiosity

**Session 14**

]

---

# Plan for today

.box-4.medium.sp-after-half[What did we just learn?]

.box-6.medium.sp-after-half[Ethics of data analytics]

.box-2.medium.sp-after-half[Ethics of storytelling]

.box-5.medium.sp-after-half[Curiosity]

---

layout: false
name: overview
class: center middle section-title section-title-4 animated fadeIn

# What did we just learn?

---

.center[
<figure>
  <img src="img/14/course-objectives.png" alt="Course objectives" title="Course objectives" width="68%">
</figure>
]

---

.center[
<figure>
  <img src="img/01/eval-flowchart.png" alt="Class flowchart" title="Class flowchart" width="100%">
</figure>
]

---

# Main takeaways

.box-inv-4.medium.sp-after[Don't be afraid of causal language!]

.box-4.medium[With careful use of DAGs<br>and special research designs,<br>you can make causal claims]

---

---

layout: false
name: ethics-analysis
class: center middle section-title section-title-6 animated fadeIn

# Ethics of data analytics

---

---

# Powerful tools

.box-inv-6.medium.sp-after-half[R is an incredibly valuable skill]

.box-inv-6.medium.sp-after-half[Causal inference is an incredibly valuable skill]

.box-6.medium.sp-after-half[These tools can be used to improve the world!]

.box-6.medium[And potentially harm it]

---

# Possible pitfalls

.box-inv-6.medium[Manipulation]

.box-6.small[Don't coerce people]

.box-inv-6.medium[Bias]

.box-6.small[There's no such thing as objective data or models]

.box-inv-6.medium[Accidental evil]

.box-6.small[Don't let stupidity transform into evil]

---

layout: false
name: analysis-manipulation
class: center middle section-title-inv section-title-inv-6

# Manipulation

---

.center[
<figure>
  <img src="img/14/good-place.jpg" alt="The Good Place" title="The Good Place" width="95%">
</figure>
]

---

.center[
<figure>
  <img src="img/14/good-place-points.jpeg" alt="The Good Place point system" title="The Good Place point system" width="95%">
</figure>
]

---

.center[
<figure>
  <img src="img/14/wired-cover.jpg" alt="Wired social score cover" title="Wired social score cover" width="40%">
</figure>
]

???

<https://www.wired.com/story/age-of-social-credit/>

---

.center[
<figure>
  <img src="img/14/china-bus.jpg" alt="China bus" title="China bus" width="85%">
</figure>
]

???

<https://boingboing.net/2018/11/26/just-dont-have-a-face.html>

---

.center[
<figure>
  <img src="img/14/instagram-ranking.png" alt="Instagram ranking" title="Instagram ranking" width="50%">
</figure>
]

???

<https://techcrunch.com/2018/06/01/how-instagram-feed-works/>

---

.center[
<figure>
  <img src="img/14/blue-feed-red-feed.png" alt="Blue Feed, Red Feed" title="Blue Feed, Red Feed" width="100%">
</figure>
]

???

<http://graphics.wsj.com/blue-feed-red-feed/>

---

.center[
<figure>
  <img src="img/14/blue-feed-red-feed-example.png" alt="Blue Feed, Red Feed Example" title="Blue Feed, Red Feed Example" width="40%">
</figure>
]

???

<http://graphics.wsj.com/blue-feed-red-feed/#/president-trump>

---

.center[
<figure>
  <img src="img/14/fb-like-everything.png" alt="Facebook like everything" title="Facebook like everything" width="80%">
</figure>
]

???

<https://www.wired.com/2014/08/i-liked-everything-i-saw-on-facebook-for-two-days-heres-what-it-did-to-me/>

---

.center[
<figure>
  <img src="img/14/fb-spying.png" alt="Reply All Facebook Spying" title="Reply All Facebook Spying" width="100%">
</figure>
]

???

<https://www.gimletmedia.com/reply-all/109-facebook-spying>

---

.center[
<figure>
  <img src="img/14/target-pregnant.png" alt="Target pregnant teen" title="Target pregnant teen" width="78%">
</figure>
]

???

<https://www.forbes.com/sites/kashmirhill/2012/02/16/how-target-figured-out-a-teen-girl-was-pregnant-before-her-father-did/#74dc8acf6668>

---

.center[
<figure>
  <img src="img/14/airline-seating.png" alt="Airline seating" title="Airline seating" width="100%">
</figure>
]

???

<https://www.independent.co.uk/travel/news-and-advice/airline-flights-pay-extra-to-sit-together-split-up-family-algorithm-minister-a8640771.html>

---

# It's not all dystopian!

.pull-left.center[
<figure>
  <img src="img/14/precision-health.png" alt="Precision medicine Obama" title="Precision medicine Obama" width="100%">
</figure>
]

.pull-right.center[
<figure>
  <img src="img/14/crisis-text-line.png" alt="Crisis text line" title="Crisis text line" width="100%">
</figure>
]

???

<https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2015/01/30/fact-sheet-president-obama-s-precision-medicine-initiative>

<https://www.crisistextline.org/community/what-ive-been-been-up-to/>

---

.box-6.medium[What makes the social score<br>and the crisis score<br>ethically different?]

.box-inv-6.medium[Or are they the same thing?]

---

# Avoid manipulation

.box-inv-6.medium.sp-after-half[Think about people]

.box-inv-6.medium.sp-after-half[Think about autonomy]

.box-inv-6.medium.sp-after-half[Don't rely 100% on data!]

---

layout: false
name: analysis-bias
class: center middle section-title-inv section-title-inv-6

# Bias

---

.center[
<figure>
  <img src="img/14/predictim-headline.png" alt="Predictim article" title="Predictim article" width="100%">
</figure>
]

???

<https://gizmodo.com/predictim-claims-its-ai-can-flag-risky-babysitters-so-1830913997>

---

.center[
<figure>
  <img src="img/14/predictim-excerpt.png" alt="Predictim article excerpt" title="Predictim article excerpt" width="100%">
</figure>
]

---

.center[
<figure>
  <img src="img/14/predictim-score.png" alt="Predictim score" title="Predictim score" width="90%">
</figure>
]

---

---

.center[
<figure>
  <img src="img/14/amazon-hiring.png" alt="Amazon hiring" title="Amazon hiring" width="70%">
</figure>
]

.center[
<figure>
  <img src="img/14/compas-bad.png" alt="COMPAS bias" title="COMPAS bias" width="60%">
</figure>
]

???

<https://qz.com/1427621/companies-are-on-the-hook-if-their-hiring-algorithms-are-biased/>

<https://www.popsci.com/recidivism-algorithm-random-bias>

---

.center[
<figure>
  <img src="img/14/fb-pro-publica.png" alt="Facebook in ProPublica" title="Facebook in ProPublica" width="80%">
</figure>
]

???

<https://www.propublica.org/article/facebook-lets-advertisers-exclude-users-by-race>

---

.center[
<figure>
  <img src="img/14/fb-hud.png" alt="Facebook HUD case" title="Facebook HUD case" width="100%">
</figure>
]

???

<https://www.hud.gov/sites/dfiles/Main/documents/HUD_v_Facebook.pdf>

---

.center[
<figure>
  <img src="img/14/apple-card.png" alt="Apple card" title="Apple card" width="60%">
</figure>
]

---

# Avoid bias

.box-inv-6.medium.sp-after-half[Make sure your sample is representative]

.box-inv-6.medium.sp-after-half[Think about theory]

.box-6.medium.sp-after-half[Remember that **NO** data,<br>models, or algorithms are neutral]

---

# Fight the algorithms

.center.tiny.light[*Very feebly, but still…*]

.box-inv-6.medium.sp-before.sp-after-half[Incognito / private windows]

.box-inv-6.medium[adsettings.google.com]

---

layout: false
name: analysis-evil
class: center middle section-title-inv section-title-inv-6

# Accidental(?) evil

---

.center[
<figure>
  <img src="img/14/algorithmic-cruelty.png" alt="Eric Meyer algorithmic cruelty" title="Eric Meyer algorithmic cruelty" width="70%">
</figure>
]

???

<https://meyerweb.com/eric/thoughts/2014/12/24/inadvertent-algorithmic-cruelty/>

---

.center[
<figure>
  <img src="img/14/uber-crash.png" alt="Uber self-driving car crash" title="Uber self-driving car crash" width="75%">
</figure>
]

???

<https://www.npr.org/2019/11/07/777438412/feds-say-self-driving-uber-suv-did-not-recognize-jaywalking-pedestrian-in-fatal->

---

.center[
<figure>
  <img src="img/14/fake-news.png" alt="NYT fake news on Facebook" title="NYT fake news on Facebook" width="60%">
</figure>
]

???

<https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/10/us/politics/facebook-fake-news-2016-election.html>

---

???

<https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2019/06/08/technology/youtube-radical.html>

---

???

<https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BSpAWkQLlgM>

---

???

<https://twitter.com/CBSNews/status/1203801451941765120>

<https://twitter.com/colourmeamused_/status/1309141783427919876>

---

layout: false
name: telling-stories
class: center middle section-title section-title-2 animated fadeIn

# Ethics of storytelling

---

---

# Stories as art

.box-inv-2.large[**Stories** are an *art form* for<br>translating core, essential **content**<br>to different **forms**<br>for specific **audiences**.]

---

# Every story is the same

.center[
<iframe width="800" height="450" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/LuD2Aa0zFiA" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen></iframe>
]

???

Will Schoder, "Every Story is the Same", https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LuD2Aa0zFiA

---

# Heroes

.pull-left.center[
<figure>
  <img src="img/14/1019px-Heroesjourney.svg.png" alt="The Hero's Journey" title="The Hero's Journey" width="80%">
</figure>
]

.pull-right.center[
<figure>
  <img src="img/14/story-cycle.png" alt="The Story Cycle" title="The Story Cycle" width="100%">
</figure>
]

???

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Heroesjourney.svg

5:35 from Will Schoder, "Every Story is the Same", https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LuD2Aa0zFiA

---

# You are not the hero

&nbsp;

.center[
<figure>
  <img src="img/14/bad-slides.png" alt="Bad slides" title="Bad slides" width="100%">
  <figcaption>From Cole Nussbaumer Knaflic, <i>Storytelling with Data: A Data Visualization Guide for Business Professionals</i></figcaption>
</figure>
]

---

# Should you tell stories though?

.pull-left.center[
<figure>
  <img src="img/14/pro-storytelling.png" alt="Storytelling" title="Storytelling" width="100%">
</figure>
]

.pull-right.center[
<figure>
  <img src="img/14/against-storytelling.png" alt="Against storytelling" title="Against storytelling" width="100%">
</figure>
]

???

https://www.nature.com/articles/nmeth.2699

https://www.nature.com/articles/nmeth.2571

---

# Possible pitfalls

.box-inv-2.medium[Manipulation]

.box-2.small[Don't lie or manipulate data]

&nbsp;

.box-2.small[Temper expectations]
]

.box-2.small[Don't dumb down]

.box-2.small[Amplify underrepresented voices]
]

---

layout: false
name: stories-manipulation
class: center middle section-title-inv section-title-inv-2

# Manipulation

---

???

https://www.thisamericanlife.org/555/the-incredible-rarity-of-changing-your-mind

---

???

[The Case of the Amazing Gay-Marriage Data: How a Grad Student Uncovered a Huge Fraud](https://slate.com/culture/2015/06/gay-marriage-study-faked-how-grad-student-david-broockman-uncovered-a-huge-scientific-fraud.html)

---

&nbsp;

.pull-left.center[
<figure>
  <img src="img/14/broockman-kalla.png" alt="Irregularities in LaCour" title="Irregularities in LaCour" width="100%">
</figure>
]

.pull-right.center[
<figure>
  <img src="img/14/broockman-kalla-truth.png" alt="Durably reducing transphobia" title="Durably reducing transphobia" width="100%">
</figure>
]

???

https://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aad9713

---

# Manipulation

.box-inv-2.medium.sp-after[Don't lie]

.box-inv-2.medium[Emphasize the story,<br>but make full data available]

---

name: stories-misrepresentation
class: center middle section-title-inv section-title-inv-2

# Misrepresentation

---

.pull-left.center[
<figure>
  <img src="img/14/outliers.jpg" alt="Outliers" title="Outliers" width="50%">
</figure>
]

.pull-right.center[
.box-2.medium[**10,000 hours**]

.center[
<figure>
  <img src="img/14/deliberate-practice.png" alt="Deliberate practice" title="Deliberate practice" width="70%">
</figure>
]

???

https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.100.3.363

https://graphics8.nytimes.com/images/blogs/freakonomics/pdf/DeliberatePractice(PsychologicalReview).pdf

---

.pull-left.center[
<figure>
  <img src="img/14/training-history.png" alt="Training history" title="Training history" width="100%">
</figure>
]

.pull-right.center[
.box-inv-2[“[A] popularized but simplistic view of our work, which suggests that anyone who has accumulated sufficient number of hours of practice in a given domain will automatically become an expert and a champion.”]
]

???

https://bjsm.bmj.com/content/47/9/533.long

---

# Misinterpretation

.box-inv-2.medium.sp-after[Be narrative, but not too narrative]

.box-inv-2.medium[Temper expectations]

---

layout: false
name: stories-equity
class: center middle section-title-inv section-title-inv-2

# Equity

---

---

# Dumbing down vs. translation

.center[
<iframe width="800" height="450" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/opqIa5Jiwuw" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen></iframe>
]

???

Wired, "Neuroscientist Explains One Concept in 5 Levels of Difficulty", https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=opqIa5Jiwuw

Alvin Stone, ["The arrogance of 'dumbing it down'"](https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/arrogance-dumbing-down-alvin-stone/)

---

# Translation

.pull-left.center[
<figure>
  <img src="img/14/walter-benjamin.jpg" alt="Walter Benjamin" title="Walter Benjamin" width="80%">
</figure>
]

.pull-right[
.box-inv-2[“…the task of the translator consists in finding that intended effect upon the language into which he is translating which produces in it the echo of the original”]

.box-2.small[Walter Benjamin,<br>*The Task of the Translator*]
]

???

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Benjamin#/media/File:Walter_Benjamin_vers_1928.jpg

---

???

https://xkcd.com/1133/

<https://splasho.com/upgoer5/>

---

???

https://slate.com/human-interest/2014/04/how-to-explain-bitcoin-to-y-our-mom-the-new-york-times-thinks-mothers-are-idiots.html

https://geekfeminism.wikia.org/wiki/So_simple,_your_mother_could_do_it

---

???

https://twitter.com/caseyjohnston/status/541246857385893888

https://twitter.com/tsancio/status/541284790314762240

---

???

Women engineers publish their papers in journals with higher impact factors than their male peers, but their work receives lower recognition (fewer citations) from the scientific community

---

???

http://www.womensmediacenter.com/reports/whotalks-cable-news-analysts-gender-in-2016-presidential-election-project-t
28% overall average

---

.pull-left.center[
<figure>
  <img src="img/14/waks.png" alt="Women Also Know Stuff" title="Women Also Know Stuff" width="100%">
</figure>
]

???

https://womenalsoknowstuff.com/

https://twitter.com/LGBTscholars

https://twitter.com/POCalsoknow

https://twitter.com/AWPARocks

.pull-right.center[
<figure>
  <img src="img/14/others-know-stuff.png" alt="Other 'know stuff' accounts" title="Other 'know stuff' accounts" width="85%">
</figure>
]

---

.center[
<figure>
  <img src="img/14/gbat.png" alt="Gender Balance Assessment Tool" title="Gender Balance Assessment Tool" width="85%">
</figure>
]

---

# Equity

.box-inv-2.medium.sp-after-half[Don't dumb down your findings]

.box-inv-2.medium.sp-after-half[You are a translator]

.box-inv-2.medium.sp-after-half[Treat audience with respect]

.box-inv-2.medium[Amplify underrepresented voices]

---

layout: false
name: curiosity
class: center middle section-title section-title-5 animated fadeIn

# Curiosity

---

---

# How do I keep learning R?

.box-inv-5.medium[What class should I take next?]

.box-inv-5.medium[What book should I read next?]

---

# How do I keep learning R?

.box-inv-5.medium[~~What class should I take next?~~]

.box-inv-5.medium.sp-after[~~What book should I read next?~~]

.box-5.large[Be curious!]

---

# Teaching yourself

.center[
<figure>
  <img src="img/14/katiemack-tweet.png" alt="@AstroKatie on googling" title="@AstroKatie on googling" width="70%">
</figure>
]

???

https://twitter.com/AstroKatie/status/1071442842873159681

---

???

https://slate.com/human-interest/2018/12/against-teaching-kids-to-code-creativity-problem-solving.html

---

???

https://slate.com/human-interest/2018/12/against-teaching-kids-to-code-creativity-problem-solving.html

---

---

# Two secrets to master R

.box-inv-5.large.sp-after[1: Find excuses to use it]

.box-inv-5.large[2: Share and work in public]

---

# Find excuses to use R

---

---

# Playing with R

.box-inv-5.medium[Little exploration projects]

.box-inv-5.medium[\#TidyTuesday]

.box-inv-5.medium[Data play time]

.box-inv-5.medium[Actual projects]

---

.center[
<figure>
  <img src="img/14/mini-projects.png" alt="Mini projects folder" title="Mini projects folder" width="80%">
</figure>
]

---

.center[
<figure>
  <img src="img/14/top_5.png" alt="Most aggressive characters in Harry Potter" title="Most aggressive characters in Harry Potter" width="70%">
</figure>
]

???

https://github.com/andrewheiss/Harry-Potter-aggression

---

.center[
<figure>
  <img src="img/14/walks_2014.png" alt="2014 family walks" title="2014 family walks" width="80%">
</figure>
]

---

.center[
<figure>
  <img src="img/14/plot_authors.png" alt="Rachel 2014 books" title="Rachel 2014 books" width="80%">
</figure>
]

---

# Radical transparency<br>and public work

---

.box-5.medium[How we normally think of our work and goals]

.center[
<figure>
  <img src="img/14/sharing-normal.png" alt="How we normally think of our work and goals" title="How we normally think of our work and goals" width="100%">
</figure>
]

???

https://rstudio.com/resources/rstudioconf-2019/the-unreasonable-effectiveness-of-public-work/

---

.box-5.medium[How we should think of our work and goals]

.center[
<figure>
  <img src="img/14/sharing-good.png" alt="How we should think of our work and goals" title="How we should think of our work and goals" width="100%">
  <figcaption>David Robinson, <a href="https://rstudio.com/resources/rstudioconf-2019/the-unreasonable-effectiveness-of-public-work/" target="_blank">The unreasonable effectiveness of public work"</a></figcaption>
</figure>
]

???

https://rstudio.com/resources/rstudioconf-2019/the-unreasonable-effectiveness-of-public-work/

---

---

# Benefits of working in public

---

layout: false
class: bg-full
background-image: url("img/14/blog-rejection-map.png")

???

https://www.andrewheiss.com/blog/2018/12/17/academic-job-market-visualized/

---

???

https://www.andrewheiss.com/blog/2018/12/17/academic-job-market-visualized/

---

???

https://www.andrewheiss.com/blog/2018/12/17/academic-job-market-visualized/

---

---

# How to work in public

.box-inv-5.medium[Tweet, blog, and meet people]

.box-inv-5.medium[Play with data in public]

.box-inv-5.medium[Teach concepts (for yourself too!)]

---

# Communities

.box-inv-5.medium[\#rstats]

.box-inv-5.medium[R User Groups]

.box-inv-5.medium[\#rladies]

.box-inv-5.medium[Rmd websites, blogdown, bookdown]

---

# Play with data in public

.center[
<figure>
  <img src="img/14/blog-polity.png" alt="Blog post on Polity IV data" title="Blog post on Polity IV data" width="100%">
</figure>
]

???

https://www.andrewheiss.com/blog/2017/08/26/quickly-play-with-polity-iv-and-oecd-data-and-see-the-danger-of-us-democracy/

---

???

https://www.andrewheiss.com/blog/2018/12/26/tidytext-pos-john/

https://www.andrewheiss.com/blog/2018/12/28/tidytext-pos-arabic/

---

# Teach a concept

.center[
<figure>
  <img src="img/14/blog-diff-means.png" alt="Blog post on finding the difference in means" title="Blog post on finding the difference in means" width="100%">
</figure>
]

???

https://www.andrewheiss.com/blog/2019/01/29/diff-means-half-dozen-ways/

---

???

https://www.andrewheiss.com/blog/2019/02/16/algebra-calculus-r-yacas/

---

# You are all expert<br>enough now.

---

# Go correctly<br>find causal effects!